1. - INTRODUCTION TO FIELD MAPPING
Aims and scopes of the field mapping: practical-economic and research
purposes, basic geological mapping. The Survey of the Carta Geologica
d’Italia and the CARG Program.
2. - RECALL OF BASIC GEOLOGICAL l.s. NOTIONS
Expeditious criteria of rock classification for the most common
lithotypes.
The main types of stratigraphic Units and their rank. The concept of UBSU
and their field of application.
Analysis of the main sedimentary (in carbonatic and terrigenous rocks)
and tectonic structures (meso-and Macro-schopic).
Recognition of the widespread and useful Mesozoic-tertiary micro-and
macro-fossils of frequent use in the field practice in the Tethyan Apenninic domain
3. - The preparatory phases of a geological mapping project
collection of the previous surface and subsurface data (from literature,
technical reports, etc.); bibliographic research, organization of the
field book.Elaboration of the "preliminary Legend" of the stratigraphic
units.
Analysis of the various types of cartographic bases and criteria to choose
the more suitable one for the project.
Preliminary photo-geological analysis of the study area.
4. - FIELD TECHNIQUES
4.1. - Fundamentals
Expeditious methodologies of orientation and topographic positioning
of the outcrops using the geological compass; hints at the use of GPS
and GPS-aided digital mapping systems.
The Geological Compass as a tool for the structural geological survey:
measurement of linear and planar structures (bedding, cross-bedding,
fault planes and associated kinematic indicators, cleavages, joints, hinges
and axial planes of folds etc.).
The survey, analysis, and mapping of outcrops and different types of
boundaries within the rock volumes; their description and cartographic
representation. Mapping outcrops from a panoramic view
Way-up criteria in different sedimentary rock types and folded and
cleaved slates and argillites. Collection of data on tractive structures;
determination of paleocurrents, statistical elaboration of data, and
cartographic representation.
Drawing the Field Map and progressive updating of the legend.
Methods aimed at the expeditious study of stratigraphic succession: sections
measurement and logging; a collection of samples for biostratigraphic and
petrographic purposes.
Drawing the scheme of stratigraphic relationships between the surveyed
units
4.2. - Mapping Techniques in the different geological contexts
Mapping criteria for carbonate platform and margin, slope, pelagic basin,
turbiditic systems and siliciclastic shelf.
Stratigraphy of type-successions of central Apennines (Umbria-Marche and
Latium-Abruzzo domain) in the light of the recent CARG projects.
Basic criteria for the geological mapping and structural analysis in highly
deformed areas (Fold and Thrust belts and metamorphic areas).
Representation of structural dataset through stereo plots.
5. - TECHNIQUES OF DATA INTERPOLATION AND STRATIGRAPHIC
BOUNDARY RECONSTRUCTION
5.1.Stratimetric and geometric methods for tracing geological boundaries
(stratigraphic and tectonic); structure contours and slope triangle;
determining the attitude of a planar surface from the elevation of three
not aligned points; determining the attitude of a planar surface from two
apparent dip; assessment of a bed-depth knowing its attitude;
evaluating the attitude of a stratigraphic boundary based on its
surface trace
5.2. - Stereonet reconstructions useful for geological Survey Representation and determination of attitudes using the stereonet; rotation of linear and planar features. Apparent and real attitudes; simple cases of palinspastic restorations to determine the attitudes of paleocurrents and syn- sedimentary faults before tectonic tilting.
5.3. Synthesis of data
Interpretation and synthesis of field data to draw the final geological
map, geological sections, stratigraphic columns, and other tables.
Integration of field data with subsurface data and laboratory analysis;
Elaboration of the final release of the Legend