PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY - INTEGRATED COURSE | Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti

PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY - INTEGRATED COURSE

Integrated educational activity

Course Sheet

Course code:

00327

Academic Year of enrolment:

2022

Year of supply:

2023/2024

Degree:

Course of Single Cycle Degree 5 years in PHARMACY

Language:

Italian

Moduls:

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY - 6 credits
PHARMACOGNOSY - 6 credits

Location:

CHIETI

Credits:

Programme Year:

Cycle:

First semester

Hours of classroom activity:

104

Prerequisites:

PHARMACOGNOSY: Prerequisites are not required.
However, students should know Human Anatomy.
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY: General knowledge of plant cells and their secondary metabolites. General concept of evolution, biodiversity and differentiation.
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY:

Objectives

PHARMACOGNOSY: The Course concerns the study of general pharmacology and plant drugs, describing their possible therapeutic use.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the Course, students will be able to:
- describe the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs and active ingredients of plants, as well as the action molecular mechanisms of these compounds;
- describe the main herbal drugs and active compounds, the pharmacological effects, and their possible rational use in therapy.
Applying knowledge and understanding:
The knowledge acquired during the Course will be used by the students in the workplace, industry and research.
Making judgments:
During the lessons, the discussion of the results of scientific publications aimed to clarify the efficacy, safety and tolerability related to herbal drug rational use will be stimulated.
Communication skills:
Acquisition of clear and appropriate terminology.
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY:
Study of the plants in the morphological-functional aspects (from the cellular level, to tissues and organs) and the reproductive system. The systematic analysis of the main species, belonging to algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, pteridophytes, spermatophytes, containing active metabolites of medicinal interest , and their uses.
The Pharmaceutical Botany module, integrated to the Pharmacognosy module, has as main objective the acquisition, by the student, of knowledge of the vegetative and reproductive organization of the plant organisms and their taxonomy with particular reference to the species of officinal interest with implications application.

Contents

GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
Branches of Pharmacology.
Definition and classification of drugs.
Origin and nature of the drugs.
Selective toxicity.
Drug action.
Pharmacodynamic concepts.
Pharmacokinetics: drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Drug absorption.
Drug distribution in the body.
Drug metabolism or biotransformation.
Drug excretionPharmacokinetic parametersAdverse drug reactionsCombination therapy.
Drug development.
PHARMACOGNOSY
Instability in active compound concentrationProduction and preservation of drugsDrugs containing carbohydratesDrugs containing carbohydrates and short chain organic acid.
Drugs containing fatty acids.
Drugs containing active steroid compoundsDrugs containing essences and resinsDrugs containing active phenolic and polyphenolic compounds: Drugs containing alkaloids.
Drugs containing active antitumor compounds.
Drugs containing active hallucinogenic compounds.
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY:
Intro
Reproduction
Systematic and taxonomy
Tallophyta
Algae
Fungi
Cormophyta
Tracheophyta
Spermatophyta
Magnoliopsida
Liliopsida
Herbarium

Extended Syllabus

GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
Branches of Pharmacology.
Definition and classification of drugs: medicament; poison (or toxic); causal or etiological, pathogenetic, symptomatic, replacement drugs; orphan drugs.
Origin and nature of the drugs: drug from natural origin, drug from partial chemical synthesis, drug derived from chemical synthesis.
Selective toxicity.
Drug action: sites of drug action (local, regional, systemic); factors and conditions affecting drug effect (related to drug, to formulation, to patient, to environment); (main or therapeutic, secondary and side) drug effects.
Pharmacodynamic concepts: definition, classification and regulation of receptors; agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists; definition of affinity, potency and efficacy; graded and quantal dose-response curves; therapeutic index, margin of safety, therapeutic window.
Pharmacokinetics: drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Drug absorption: transfer of drugs across biological membranes (passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, endocytosis, exocytosis); Henderson-Hasselbach equation; routes of drug administration (natural and artificial), factors affecting drug absorption (related to drug, to formulation, to patient); delayed absorption.
Drug distribution in the body: drug binding to plasma proteins and tissue; blood-brain barrier; placental barrier; factors affecting drug distribution.
Drug metabolism or biotransformation: phase I and phase II reactions; first-pass effect; factors affecting drug metabolism (enzyme induction and inhibition, genetic polymorphism, disease, age, gender).
Drug excretion: primary and secondary routes of drug excretion; factors affecting drug excretion.
Pharmacokinetic parameters: bioavailability and bioequivalence; volume of distribution; one- and multicompartment models; (total, renal, hepatic, pulmonary) clearance; first and zero order elimination kinetics; extraction ratio; elimination half-life; drug accumulation; steady-state; loading dose, maintenance dose, therapeutic drug monitoring, drug dosage in children and elderly.
Adverse drug reactions: type A and type B; idiosyncratic drug reactions; drug allergy; tolerance; tachyphylaxis; drug dependence; withdrawal syndrome; phototoxicity.
Combination therapy: drug indifference; (physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic) drug interactions.
Drug development: toxicological animal testing (acute, subacute and chronic toxicity, effects on reproduction, carcinogenic and mutagenic potential); clinical testing (phases I, II, III, IV).
PHARMACOGNOSY
Instability in active compound concentration: endogenous and exogenous factors.
Production and preservation of drugs: drying, stabilization, sterilization; chemical analysis and quality control.
Drugs containing carbohydrates: monosaccharides; hexavalent alcohols (manna); disaccharides; polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, dextrans, inulin, pectins, gum Arabic, guar gum, psyllium, alginic acid, agar agar, carrageenan, althaea officinalis, malva, linum, tilia).
Drugs containing carbohydrates and short chain organic acid: cassia fistula,tamarindus.
Drugs containing fatty acids: satured fatty acids, unsatured, essential; fatty acid n-3 (omega-3) and n-6 (omega-6); glycerides; food olis; ricinus oil; wax.
Drugs containing saponins: steroidal (smilax, panax ginseng); terpenoids (polygala, hyppocastanum, quillaja, glycirrhiza).
Drugs containing active steroid compounds: digitalis drugs (digitalis purpurea, digitalis lanata, strophantus, drimia maritime).
Drugs containing essences and resins: terpene (citrus aurantium, a. absinthium, a. cina, matricaria recutita, valeriana officinalis, menthe piperita, melissa officinalis, arnica montana, pinus oilresin, canphora, commiphora, boswelia, curcuma longa); phenolic (anisum, foeniculum, acorus calamus, cinnamom, eugenia cariophyllata, thymus, cannabis sativa).
Drugs containing active phenolic and polyphenolic compounds: anthraquinone drugs (aloe, cascara sagrada, frangula, rhubarb, senna); drugs containing flavonoids (ginkgo, hypericum); arbutin drugs (uva ursi); glucoside drugs of the salicylic series (salix); tannin drugs (gall nuts of Aleppo, hamamelis.
Drugs containing alkaloids: diterpene (aconitum); tropane (belladonna, hyosciamus, stramonium, coca); imidazole (jaborandi); isoquinoline (opium, hydrastis, boldo, ipecac, curare); indole (rauwolfia, yohimbe, physostigma venenosum, nux vomica, claviceps purpurea); quinoline (cinchona); pyridine and piperidines (betel nut, tobacco, conium, lobelia, punica granatum, piper nigrum capsicum); purine (cocoa, coffea arabica, cola vera, thea sinensis, mate, guarana). Drugs containing phenylethylamines (ephedra).
Drugs containing active antitumor compounds: vinca rosea, podophyllum, taxus, colchicum.
Drugs containing active hallucinogenic compounds: peyote, psilocybe, amanita muscaria.

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY:
Intro
Pharmaceutical Botany, definition and objectivests.
Plants as a source of substances of pharmaceutical interest.
Levels of organization: cell, tissue, organ. Flowers, fruits and seeds.
Metabolic functions (photosynthesis, cell respiration, transpiration, growth, reproduction) and phyto-hormones.
Reproduction
Sexual and vegetative reproduction.
Life cycles: aplonte, diplonte, aplodiplonte. Reproductions in higher plants (angiospermae).
Systematic and taxonomy
Definition and objectives. The specie. Classification criteria of the vegetable domain. Nomenclature. Morphologic and chemical characters. Biochemistry and secondary plant metabolites.
Tallophyta
Algae: general remarks about structure, ecophysiology and antropopharmaceutical importance. Systematic: Cyanothyta , Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta.
Fungi: general remarks, ecophysiology and pharmaceutical importance.
Cormophyta
Lichens: general remarks, structures, reproduction and classification. Lichens of commercial and industrial interest.
Bryophyta: general remarks.
Tracheophyta
Pteridophyta: general remarks, structures, reproduction and classification. Samples of pharmaceutical interest.
Spermatophyta
Gymnospermae: general remarks, structures, reproduction and classification. Main samples of pharmaceutical interest.
Angiospermophytae: General remarks, reproduction, floral morphologies, fruit and seeds morphologies.
Magnoliopsida
Characters and monographs of medicinal plants belonging to main families.
Liliopsida
Characters and monographs of medicinal plants belonging to main families.
Herbarium
How to prepare an herbarium. Collection, drying and mounting samples. Local ethnobotany.

Recommended Bibliography

PHARMACOGNOSY:
Katzung, Farmacologia generale e clinica, Piccin
Fassina – Ragazzi, Lezioni di farmacognosia – Droghe vegetali, CEDAM
Per un maggiore approfondimento:
Rossi – Cuomo – Riccardi, Farmacologia – Principi di base e applicazioni terapeutiche, Edizioni Minerva medica
Bruni, Farmacognosia generale e applicata – I farmaci naturali, Piccin
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY:
E. Maugini, L. Maleci Bini, M. Mariotti Lippi “Botanica Farmaceutica”, Piccin Editore
Bruni A., Biologia farmaceutica, Ed. Pearson
F. Senatore “Biologia e Botanica Farmaceutica”, Piccin Editore
M. Nicoletti “Botanica Farmaceutica”, EdiSes

Methods of Provision

Conventional

Teaching Methods

PHARMACOGNOSY: The Course is made up of 48 hours of frontal teaching, divided into 2 hour lessons, according to the academic calendar. Frontal teaching consists of theoretical lessons, mainly with the use of PowerPoint slides. Furthermore, teamworks will be proposed to the students in order to deepen the program topics, with the critical analysis of pre-clinical and clinical studies available in the literature.
A constant participation to the lessons is required.
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY:

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

For final evaluation a written multiple choice test will be plan. 60 questions (30 of pharmacognosy and 30 of botany) with 5 answers each, only one is correct.
The test will be delivered on the e-learning platform with a link from the course page. The Respondus control software will be active. Evaluation: correct answers +0.5, no answer 0, wrong 0. The final mark will be expressed X/30 and published on the course's e-learning page. Within 3 days student can ask by mail to refuse. Minimal mark to pass the exam: 18.
Test and exam could be taken in english (foir foreign students)

Contacts/More Information

PHARMACOGNOSY: PowerPoint slides projected in the classroom during the lessons of Pharmacognosy will be made available to the students at the end of each lesson.
The teacher is available from Monday to Friday, from 9.00 to 13.00 for the reception of the students.
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY: Additional classes upon request of groups of students on specific topics could be organized. Excursions and guided tours in natural environments and productive plan companies, could be proposed

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

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