Nuclei and oculomotor nerves: anatomical reappraisal. Division of III cranial nerve nucleus according to Warwick. Nuclear, fascicular and nerve palsies of III, iV and VI cranial nerves. Localizing the lesions: Weber syndrome, Millard Gubler syndrome Gradenigo, syndrome, cavernous sinus syndrome, orbital apex syndrome. Diabetic oculomotor palsy. Cranial neuritis and Miller fisher syndrome. Oculomotor palsies in myasthenia gravis and myopathies: oculopharingeal muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy. Supranuclear disorders of eye movements. Ophthalmopathy in thyroid disorders. Supranuclear disorders of eye movements. Progressive supranuclear palsy, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, one and half syndrome. The pupil : sympathetic and parasympathetic patways. Light reflex, near reflex and accommodation. Argyll Robertson, pupil, mesencephalic pupil , Adie pupil. Horner syndrome: lesion at the I, II and III neuron. Ischemic optic neuropathies. Temporal arteritis. Optic neuritis. Multiple sclerosis and optic neuromyelitis. Mitochondrial disorders of ophthalmological interest: Leber disease, autosomal dominant optic atrophy , progressive external ophthalmoplegia, MELAS syndrome. Diplopia: causes and differential diagnosis. Eyelid ptosis: causes and differential diagnosis. Acute visual loss: causes and differential diagnosis.