Chemical bonding and hybridization of carbon. Values and bonding patterns. Resonance and mesomeric forms. Weak interactions (dipoles, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals, London) and their effect on physical properties.
• Alkanes and cycloalkanes: structure, nomenclature, properties and chemical reactions.
• Structure and stereoisomerism isomerism: conformational isomers and geometric isomers, optical isomers. Newman projections and Fischer projections. Chirality and rules for the assignment of the absolute configuration.
• Alkenes: structure, nomenclature, synthesis (dehydrohalogenation E2 / E1, dehalogenation of vicinal dibromides, dehydration of alcohols), addition reactions (addition of halogenhydric acids, addition of water, anti-stereospecific addition of halogens, syngeneospecific catalytic hydrogenation) .
• Alchini: structure, nomenclature, properties, main synthesis and addition reactions to the triple bond.
• Alcohols: structure, nomenclature, properties, synthesis and main chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols, Grignard reagents, reduction of carbonyl compounds, dehydrogenation, alcohols as nucleophiles and electrophiles, reduction, dehydration, oxidation.
• Ethers, epoxides, sulfides: structure, nomenclature, properties, synthesis and main reactions. Ethers crown. Scission of ethers. Sulphides as reducing agents. Epoxides and their acid- and base-catalyzed opening.
• Aldehydes and ketones: outline of structure, nomenclature, properties.
• Aromatic compounds: benzene and derivatives (structure, nomenclature, aromaticity, forms of resonance). Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions on benzene (Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel-Crafts). Effects of substituents on aromatic electrophilic substitution. Energy diagrams. Aromatic nucleophilic substitution.
• Amines: structure, nomenclature, properties, preparation from alkyl halides, reactions (salification, formation of quaternary ammonium salts, formation of amides, alkylation, acylation, Hoffmann reaction, oxidation and diazonium salts).
• Carboxylic acids: structure, nomenclature, properties, acid salts, formation (Oxidation of alcohols, alkenes cleavage, Grignard, nitrile hydrolysis), Fischer esterification, amide synthesis, reduction of carboxylic acids and derivatives, reactivity.
• Carboxylic acid derivatives: Acyl halides, amides, esters, anhydrides: structure, nomenclature, properties, carboxylic acid formation and reactivity.
• Overview of nucleic acids, carbohydrates and proteins.
