PHARMACOGNOSY

Alphabetic division AC-DL-MQ-RZ

Course Sheet

Course code:

02998

Academic Year of enrolment:

2022

Year of supply:

2023/2024

Divisions:

Cognomi H-Z

Type of Course:

Characterising

Degree:

Course of Single Cycle Degree 5 years in PHARMACY

Disciplinary Sector:

Pharmacology

Is part of:

PHARMACOGNOSY

Location:

CHIETI

Credits:

Programme Year:

Professor and Collaborators:

CHIAVAROLI Annalisa

Cycle:

First semester

Obligatory attendance:

Yes

Minimum hours of attendance:

Hours of classroom activity:

Individual study hours:

Prerequisites:

Prerequisites are not required.
However, students should know Human Anatomy.

Objectives

The Course concerns the study of general pharmacology and plant drugs, describing their possible therapeutic use.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the Course, students will be able to:
- describe the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs and active ingredients of plants, as well as the action molecular mechanisms of these compounds;
- describe the main herbal drugs and active compounds, the pharmacological effects, and their possible rational use in therapy.
Applying knowledge and understanding:
The knowledge acquired during the Course will be used by the students in the workplace, industry and research.
Making judgments:
During the lessons, the discussion of the results of scientific publications aimed to clarify the efficacy, safety and tolerability related to herbal drug rational use will be stimulated.
Communication skills:
Acquisition of clear and appropriate terminology.

Contents

GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
- Branches of Pharmacology
- Definition and classification of drugs
- Origin and nature of the drugs
- Selective toxicity
- Drug action
- Pharmacodynamic concepts
Pharmacokinetics
- Drug absorption
- Drug distribution in the body
- Drug metabolism or biotransformation
- Drug excretion
- Pharmacokinetic parameters
- Adverse drug reactions
- Combination therapy
- Drug development

PHARMACOGNOSY
- Instability in active compound concentration
- Production and preservation of drugs
- Drugs containing carbohydrates
- Drugs containing fatty acids
- Drugs containing saponins
- Drugs containing active steroid compounds
- Drugs containing essences and resins
- Drugs containing active phenolic and polyphenolic compounds
- Drugs containing alkaloids
- Drugs containing active antitumor compounds
- Drugs containing active hallucinogenic compounds

Extended Syllabus

GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
- Branches of Pharmacology.
- Definition and classification of drugs: medicament; poison (or toxic); causal or etiological, pathogenetic, symptomatic, replacement drugs; orphan drugs.
- Origin and nature of the drugs: drug from natural origin, drug from partial chemical synthesis, drug derived from chemical synthesis.
- Selective toxicity.
- Drug action: sites of drug action (local, regional, systemic); factors and conditions affecting drug effect (related to drug, to formulation, to patient, to environment); (main or therapeutic, secondary and side) drug effects.
- Pharmacodynamic concepts: definition, classification and regulation of receptors; agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists; definition of affinity, potency and efficacy; graded and quantal dose-response curves; therapeutic index, margin of safety, therapeutic window.
- Pharmacokinetics: drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
- Drug absorption: transfer of drugs across biological membranes (passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, endocytosis, exocytosis); Henderson-Hasselbach equation; routes of drug administration (natural and artificial), factors affecting drug absorption (related to drug, to formulation, to patient); delayed absorption.
- Drug distribution in the body: drug binding to plasma proteins and tissue; blood-brain barrier; placental barrier; factors affecting drug distribution.
- Drug metabolism or biotransformation: phase I and phase II reactions; first-pass effect; factors affecting drug metabolism (enzyme induction and inhibition, genetic polymorphism, disease, age, gender).
- Drug excretion: primary and secondary routes of drug excretion; factors affecting drug excretion.
- Pharmacokinetic parameters: bioavailability and bioequivalence; volume of distribution; one- and multicompartment models; (total, renal, hepatic, pulmonary) clearance; first and zero order elimination kinetics; extraction ratio; elimination half-life; drug accumulation; steady-state; loading dose, maintenance dose, therapeutic drug monitoring, drug dosage in children and elderly.
- Adverse drug reactions: type A and type B; idiosyncratic drug reactions; drug allergy; tolerance; tachyphylaxis; drug dependence; withdrawal syndrome; phototoxicity.
- Combination therapy: drug indifference; (physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic) drug interactions.
- Drug development: toxicological animal testing (acute, subacute and chronic toxicity, effects on reproduction, carcinogenic and mutagenic potential); clinical testing (phases I, II, III, IV).
PHARMACOGNOSY
- Instability in active compound concentration: endogenous and exogenous factors.
- Production and preservation of drugs: drying, stabilization, sterilization; chemical analysis and quality control.
- Drugs containing carbohydrates: monosaccharides; hexavalent alcohols (manna); disaccharides; polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, dextrans, inulin, pectins, gum Arabic, guar gum, psyllium, alginic acid, agar agar, carrageenan, althaea officinalis, malva, linum, tilia).
- Drugs containing carbohydrates and short chain organic acid: cassia fistula,tamarindus.
- Drugs containing lipids: satured fatty acids, unsatured, essential; fatty acid n-3 (omega-3) and n-6 (omega-6); glycerides; food olis; ricinus oil; wax; serenoa, prunus africana, pumpkin.
- Drugs containing saponins: steroidal (smilax, panax ginseng); terpenoids (polygala, hyppocastanum, quillaja, glycirrhiza).
- Drugs containing active steroid compounds: digitalis drugs (digitalis purpurea, digitalis lanata, strophantus, drimia maritime).
- Drugs containing essences and resins: terpene (citrus aurantium, a. absinthium, a. cina, matricaria recutita, valeriana officinalis, menthe piperita, melissa officinalis, arnica montana, pinus oilresin, canphora, commiphora, boswelia, curcuma longa); phenolic (anisum, foeniculum, acorus calamus, cinnamom, eugenia cariophyllata, thymus, cannabis sativa).
- Drugs containing active phenolic and polyphenolic compounds: Drugs containing active phenolic and polyphenolic compounds: anthraquinone drugs (aloe, cascara sagrada, frangula, rhubarb, senna); drugs containing flavonoids (ginkgo, hypericum); arbutin drugs (uva ursi); glucoside drugs of the salicylic series (salix); tannin drugs (gall nuts of Aleppo, hamamelis).
- Drugs containing alkaloids:diterpene (aconitum); tropane (belladonna, hyosciamus, stramonium, coca); imidazole (jaborandi); isoquinoline (opium, hydrastis, boldo, ipecac, curare); indole (rauwolfia, yohimbe, physostigma venenosum, nux vomica, claviceps purpurea); quinoline (cinchona); pyridine and piperidines (betel nut, tobacco, conium, lobelia, punica granatum, piper nigrum capsicum); purine (cocoa, coffea arabica, cola vera, thea sinensis, mate, guarana). Drugs containing phenylethylamines (ephedra).
- Drugs containing active antitumor compounds: vinca rosea, podophyllum, taxus, colchicum.
- Drugs containing active hallucinogenic compounds: peyote, psilocybe, amanita muscaria.

Recommended Bibliography

- Katzung, Farmacologia generale e clinica, Piccin
- Fassina – Ragazzi, Lezioni di farmacognosia – Droghe vegetali, CEDAM
For more informations:
- Rossi – Cuomo – Riccardi, Farmacologia – Principi di base e applicazioni terapeutiche, Edizioni Minerva medica
- Bruni, Farmacognosia generale e applicata – I farmaci naturali, Piccin

Teaching Methods

The Course is made up of 40 hours of frontal teaching, divided into 2 hour lessons and 12 hours of didactic, according to the academic calendar. Frontal teaching consists of theoretical lessons, mainly with the use of PowerPoint slides. Furthermore, teamworks will be proposed to the students in order to deepen the program topics, with the critical analysis of pre-clinical and clinical studies available in the literature.

A constant participation to the lessons is required.

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

For final evaluation a written multiple choice test will be plan. 60 questions (30 of pharmacognosy and 30 of botany) with 5 answers each, only one is correct.
Evaluation: correct answers +0.5, no answer 0, wrong 0. The final mark will be expressed X/30 and published on the course's e-learning page. Within 3 days student can ask by mail to refuse. Minimal mark to pass the exam: 18.
Test and exam could be taken in english (for foreign students)

Contacts/More Information

PowerPoint slides projected in the classroom during the lessons of Pharmacognosy will be made available to the students at the end of each lesson.

The teacher is available from Monday to Friday, from 9.00 to 13.00 for the reception of the students.

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

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