MICROBIOLOGY PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS

Integrated educational activity

Course Sheet

Course code:

OST12A66

Academic Year of enrolment:

2020

Year of supply:

2020/2021

Degree:

Course of 1st Cycle Degree in MIDWIFERY

Moduls:

GENERAL PATHOLOGY - 2 credits
MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY - 1 credits
LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS - 1 credits

Location:

Credits:

Programme Year:

Cycle:

Second semester

Hours of classroom activity:

Prerequisites:

Biochemistry and physiology are preparatory teachings for this Integrated Course.

Objectives

MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
At the end of this course students should:
- be able to describe the structure and function of microorganisms;
- be able to describe the mechanisms of infectious disease transmission and pathogenicity;
- be able to describe in detail those classes of microorganisms of specific relevance to the common diseases.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Analyze the health problems of women in their biological-sexual cycle and in particularknow what is meant by disease status and the relationship between disease status and pathological changes.Know the physical, chemical, genetic and biological factors that contribute to the onset of diseases.Know the fundamental mechanisms of defense of the cell, tissues, organs and organism.Know the fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms that play a decisive role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.Know the main types of neoplasia and the classification criteria of tumors; the molecular basis of benign and malignant tumors in humans.Know the basic stages of carcinogenesis, and understand the role of genetic and environmental risk factors.All the above knowledge must help to understand the fundamentals of the pathophysiology to be applied to the different clinical situations of pregnant women, including obstetric-gynecological pathologies. LEARNING OUTCOMESKnowledge and ability to understandAt the end of the course the student must be able to describe:
• the etiology, mechanisms and cells involved in inflammatory processes • the phases leading to the onset of a tumoral pathology
• the main genetic diseasesAutonomy of judgmentAt the end of the course the student must know how to recognize the main pathologies. The acquired knowledge will aim to prevent, identify, monitor and manage potentially pathological situations that require medical intervention.
Communication skills. At the end of the course the student have to be able to use a medical-scientific terminology suitable with the role of health professional.

LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS
To know the molecular diagnostics of hereditary tumors and how its use can help in the prevention of at risk individuals, belonging to at risk families.

Contents

MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
The course provides learning in the basic principles of medical microbiology and infectious disease. It covers mechanisms of infectious disease transmission, principles of aseptic practice, and the role of the human body’s normal microbiota. The biology of bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens and the diseases they cause are covered. The course provides the conceptual basis for understanding pathogenic microorganisms and the mechanisms by which they cause disease in the human body. Classes of microorganisms of specific relevance to the common diseases will be discussed in detail.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Health status and causes of illness.InflammationThe fever.Classification of tumors. Chemical and viral carcinogenesis. Concept of oncogene and antioncogene.Alpha- and beta-thalassemias.Pathology of haemostasis and coagulation.Antigens and antibodies. Organs and cells of the immune system. The immune response.

LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS
To know the genetic characteristics of some types of tumors, with particular regard to those of the reproductive system.

Extended Syllabus

MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
Naming and Classifying Microorganisms.
The bacterial cell: Size, shape and arrangements of bacteria.
Structures external to the cell wall: glycocalyx, flagella, pili and fimbriae. The cell wall: composition and characteristics; cell wall and Gram stain; atypical cell walls.
Structures internal to the cell wall: the plasma membrane; the cytoplasm; the nucleoid; plasmids and resistance factors; ribosomes.
Bacterial metabolism: aerobic respiration; anaerobic respiration and fermentation.
Bacterial division and generation time.
Bacterial spore: structure, types, sporulation and germination, and their protecting role in biocide resistance.
Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenesis: entry into the human body; adhesion, colonization and invasion; pathogenic actions of bacteria (tissue destruction, toxins); mechanisms for escaping host defenses. The main bacterial diseases.
Antibacterials and their mechanisms of action. Mechanisms of drug resistance.
Biology of Fungi: general characteristics, structure and classification. Fungal pathogenesis.
Characteristics and classification of viruses.
Virus structure: non-enveloped and enveloped viruses.
Viral replication: life cycle of viruses with animal and prokaryote hosts. The main viral diseases. Antiviral drugs.
Prions.
Hospital-acquired infection.
Disinfection, sterilization and asepsis.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY
General EtiologyDisease concept. Health status and causes of illness. Intrinsic and extrinsic diseases. Physical and chemical agents as a cause of illness.InflammationCauses of inflammation. Plasmatic and tissue mediators of inflammation. The cells of inflammation. Stages of the inflammatory process: the vascular phase, the exudation, the diapedesis, the stasis. Exudate and transudate: different types of exudate. The proteins of the acute phase. Chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Morphological aspects of the inflammatory process: angioflogosis and histoflogosis. Outcomes of the inflammatory process.The feverThermoregulation. General response of the organism to heat and cold; alteration of thermogenesis; hypothermia and hyperthermia. Pathogenesis of fever: endogenous and exogenous pyrogens.OncologyClassification of tumors. Characteristics of the normal and transformed cell. Concepts of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia. Benign and malignant tumors. Carcinoma in "situ". Histogenetic classification and morphology elements of benign and malignant human tumors.Chemical carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis from ultraviolet and ionizing radiation. Stages of carcinogenesis: initiation, promotion and tumor progression. Viral carcerogenesis. DNA and RNA oncogenic viruses associated with human tumors.Concept of oncogene and antioncogene. Molecular pathology of DNA repair. Pathology of "mismatch repair" and "excision repair". Role of inheritance in tumors. Tumor syndromes with autosomal dominant and recessive transmission. Models: hereditary colorectal and breast tumors, Xeroderma pigmentosum and ataxia- telangiectasia.Pathology of the bloodQualitative and quantitative alterations of the production of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Anemia: general phenomena, classification and hereditary and acquired causes. α- and β-thalassemias: genetic heterogeneity, phenotypic and genotype- phenotype correlations.Pathology of haemostasis and coagulationThe platelet, hemocoagulative and fibrinolytic phase. The main disorders of haemostasis and coagulation. The main defects of the plasma and fibrinolytic (hemophilia) phases.ImmunologyAntigens and antibodies. Organs and cells of the immune system. The subclasses of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. The immune response. The main antigen-antibody reactions. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity diseases. Deficiencies of the immune system. RH factor. Coombs test. Hemolytic disease of the newborn.

LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS
Molecular diagnostics of hereditary tumors.- Inflammatory diseases and carcinomas of the uterine cervix.- Molecular and clinical bases of endometrial tumors. Endometrial carcinoma and HNPCC.Hints on therapy.- Molecular and clinical bases of breast and ovarian tumors. Eligibility criteria for genetic testing. Treatment of breast cancer and ovary. Hints on molecular therapy.- Molecular and clinical bases of of the colon: Lynch syndrome -HNPCC, familial adenomatous polyposis of the colon-FAP, adenomatous polyposis of the colon associated with the MUTYH gene -MAP.- Molecular basis of familial gastric cancer: intestinal type and Diffuse type. Hints of therapy.- Molecular and clinical bases of pancreatic tumors, PanIN classification, outline of molecular therapy.- Overview of instrumental diagnostics (DHPLC, automatic sequencer).

Recommended Bibliography

MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
E. Lanciotti: Microbiologia Clinica, CEA - Quarta Ed. 2017.
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA: Microbiologia Medica 8a Ed. Edra, 2017.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Choose between:-“Elements of General Pathology”, Pontieri. Piccin. For the degree courses in Health Professions III edition -“General Pathology” The essential, Rubin. PiccinAlso photocopy the chapters: 22 (anemias and thalassemias), 24 (hemostasis), 25 (Pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system) from the text "Elements of General Physiopathology", Pontieri, Piccin. For the degree courses in Health Professions III edition.For details, consult the teacher.

LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS
Reading materials provided by the teacher.

Teaching Methods

Teaching method: frontal lectures and material provided by the teacher.

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

The exam method is an oral test designed to verify the results of the expected learning, in accordance with the educational and specific objectives of the course. The oral examination is placed at the end of the course, after having achieved the attendance to the same, according to a schedule established and published on the University web page at the beginning of the academic year. The outcome of the test is evaluated as the result of learning the specific and training objectives, such as knowledge and understanding, capacity for logical integration and application. At the end of the test the teacher will form an opinion expressed in terms of Italian grades and their correspondent European Credit Transfer System grade (In Italian Universities grades are given on the basis of 30 points).
1) Rating 30 - 30 cum laude (corresponding to ECTS grade A): Excellent knowledge and understanding of the subjects, ability to reason and logical integration of the acquired knowledge. If the student, who has achieved this evaluation, demonstrates autonomy of judgment, high communication skills and autonomous learning skills, a laude can be added by the commision.
2) Rating 27 - 29 (corresponding to ECTS grade B): Good knowledge and understanding of the topics with some non-serious inaccuracies and with a good capacity for logical integration and judgment.
3) Rating: 23 - 26 (corresponding to ECTS grade C): Discrete knowledge and understanding of the topics and, despite some gaps in the ability to integrate and apply knowledge.
4) Rating 20 - 22 (corresponding to ECTS grade D): Knowledge and understanding of the arguments fully sufficient, although there are clear gaps, which are reflected in a reduced capacity for integration, logic and application.
5) Rating 18 - 19 (corresponding to ECTS grade E): Knowledge and understanding of the topics with serious and evident gaps, with limited integrative and applicative skills, but which also allow the passing of the exam.
N.B. For Integrated Courses (exams covering more than one module or course unit) a single exam will be held and a final grade given.

Contacts/More Information

Prof. Allocati
In-Person office hours: Monday – Friday from 10:00 to 13:00.
Or by appointment: Contact the professor by nerino.allocati@unich.it.

Prof. Curia
Tel: 0871-3554103 E-mail mc.curia@unich.itStudent reception hours: from Monday to Friday from 11 to 12 at the Nuovo Polo Didattico, Building C, Level III.

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

Aree

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